Nursing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing Case Study - Essay Example Prolonged immobilization is one of the main causes for DVT (Poelkens, et.al., p. 111). In this case, the patient’s decompression surgery could have contributed to the formation of the thrombus, and such thrombus later travelled up his chest cavity, manifesting as pulmonary embolism. Initially, a thrombus which separates from its original site then travels through the circulatory system then on to the inferior venacava (Smulders, p. 23). The right ventricle then pushes the thrombus to the pulmonary arteries where the thrombus eventually lodges. Since the pulmonary arteries branch out to smaller blood vessels, the thrombus will likely lodge itself there (Smulders, p. 23). Multiple thrombi may be seen in the pulmonary area and they may be big or microscopic in size; the bigger ones may totally or partially block the major branches of the pulmonary artery. Such thrombus cuts the blood flow in the pulmonary arteries and this can cause increased resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary blood vessels. In instances of 50-60% decreased perfusion, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricle strain, and cardiac heart failure may occur (McGill University). Pulmonary reflexes also cause the release of humoral substances which then lead to the constriction of pulmonary blood ve ssels, thereby increasing vascular resistance. The pulmonary embolism, along with the patient’s lumbar decompression is causing the manifestation of his other symptoms including: tachypnoea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, dyspnoea, and fever. Assessment The patient’s pulmonary embolism was diagnosed; however it is still important to note the clinical presentation of this condition in the patient. Since the patient is at a high risk for having PE, it is crucial to note the manifestations of this incident. Some common symptoms include: dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain, tachypnoea, and tachycardia (Fedullo and Tapson, p. 1247). However, these symptoms cannot sufficiently establish a finding of PE. These symptoms are all apparent in this patient. These may all indeed point to his pulmonary embolism, however, some of these symptoms may be due to his lumbar decompression surgery. Other diagnostic tests may be used in order to detect pulmonary embolism. The first test is the D-dimer test which evaluates

The Curtin Teaching Essay Example for Free

The Curtin Teaching Essay The Curtin Teaching, Learning and Student Experience Plan 2013-2017 outlines an ambitious vision for reforming teaching and learning, enhancing the student experience, optimising the education portfolio and the student experience. This vision, enabled through a number of strategic projects will position Curtin as leaders in globally innovative education; provide a richly interactive and personalised learning experience and provide opportunity for graduates, equipping them with skills for the future. It is in this context, that teaching excellence is defined. Key to the development of teaching academics, who are engaged in facilitating student learning, is the establishment of criteria to which excellent teachers can aspire. These criteria highlight the capabilities and skills that guide the successful recruitment, development, recognition and retention of quality teaching academics in higher education. The Curtin Teaching Excellence criteria provide a single set of measures to underpin all relevant reward and recognition processes, so that teaching excellence is clear and consistent with the University’s strategic goals. The teaching excellence criteria are designed to assist individual academic staff, particularly new and early career staff, in clarifying expectations, as well as providing guidelines to assist in the process of supporting academics and establishing guidelines for promotion and awards. The criteria will be used by academic staff and their supervisors as a formative development tool to identify career objectives, and development needs, in addition to forming the basis for informing promotion and awards. Curtin’s Teaching Excellence criteria are designed to be broad and flexible, whilst providing a robust and valid definition of excellent teaching within the Curtin context. The criteria are aligned to the teaching roles within Curtin Expectations for Academic Performance (CEAP)1 and the Curtin University Academic, Professional and General Staff Enterprise Agreement 2012-2016 Curtin’s Teaching Excellence Criteria Curtin’s Teaching Excellence criteria mirror those developed in an Office for Learning and Teaching Project2 and informed by criteria and evidence employed by the Office for Learning and Teaching3, the UK Professional Standards Framework for teaching and supporting learning in higher education  20124, the Higher Education Academy Benchmarking Project on Recognition of Teaching in Academic Promotion Project and analysis of criteria developed in other Australian universities. Staff who show evidence of ‘excellence in teaching’ will ‘contribute to systemic change in learning and teaching through ongoing knowledge sharing and dissemination, for example, presentations within the learning and teaching community, collegial mentoring, pairing and networking, and involvement in university and higher education committees’ (Office for Learning and Teaching). Curtin’s Teaching Excellence criteria aim to: 1. Support the initial and continuing professional learning of staff engaged in teaching and supporting learning. 2. Foster dynamic and culturally inclusive approaches to teaching and learning in transforming Teaching and Learning at Curtin through creativity, innovation and continuous development in diverse academic and/or professional settings 3. Acknowledge the variety and quality of teaching, learning and assessment practices that support and underpin student learning. 4. Facilitate individuals in gaining formal recognition for quality enhanced approaches to teaching and supporting learning. The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) for Curtin is systematic inquiry, critique, research and development in teaching, learning and the broader educational context which advances and publicly provides educational benefit to students, staff and the higher education sector. Teachers engaging in scholarship in teaching and learning seek to improve teaching at the tertiary level by: Consulting and applying the literature on teaching and learning Investigating their own teaching Adopting innovative teaching approaches Formally communicating their ideas and practice to peers through publication and other formal means; and Seeking and obtaining peer recognition for their ideas and practice. The scholarship of teaching and learning that underpins the teaching excellence criteria is taken from the definitions first proposed by Boyer (1990)5 and later adapted by the University of Queensland. Scholarly teaching Scholarly teaching in a discipline involves all of the following: striving for a high level of proficiency in stimulating students and fostering their learning in a variety of appropriate ways, being familiar with the latest ideas in ones subject,  being informed by current ideas for teaching that subject,   evaluating and reflecting on ones teaching practice and the student learning which follows. The scholarship of teaching The scholarship of teaching develops from a basis of scholarly teaching in a discipline but is not the same as excellent teaching. It involves exploring, testing, practicing and communicating improved pedagogies, learning processes, curricula, policies and learning materials. It meets the following additional criteria in the context of promoting student learning: It requires high levels of discipline-related expertise. It requires an understanding of who the learners are, how they learn and what practices are most effective in the context of the discipline (pedagogical content knowledge) It breaks new ground and is innovative It can be replicated and elaborated It is documented and subjected to peer review Educational Research Like other social science researchers, educational researchers are guided by theoretical and methodological paradigms. A research academic in the field of education deploys theoretical perspectives to understand educational practice. Educational research includes psychological and philosophical inquiry; historical, policy and cultural analysis; and empirical research on a range of areas including learning and teaching processes, pedagogy and curriculum studies. Such research tests the assumptions and worth of theory  in terms of whether it provides adequate explanations of the data and evidence. The aim of educational research is to expand our understanding of all aspects of education and to contribute to theoretical debates and developments in the area. The questions addressed are broader than those focused on in the area of teaching innovation and involve stakeholders beyond the context in which the innovation takes place (Research Assessment Exercise Guidelines, 2008)6. Curtin’s Teaching Excellence Criteria The seven criteria are: 1. Design and planning of learning activities, units and courses 2. Teaching and supporting student learning 3. Assessment and giving feedback to students 4. Developing effective learning environments, student support and guidance 5. Integration of scholarship, research and professional activities with teaching and in support of student learning 6. Evaluation of practice and continuing professional learning 7. Professional and personal effectiveness Evidence of Teaching Excellence at Curtin Teaching 1. Design and planning of learning activities, units and courses 2. Teaching and supporting student learning 3. Assessment and giving feedback to students 4. Developing effective learning environments, student support and guidance Evidence eVALUate Unit Summary Report including unit coordinator response eVALUate Teaching Evaluation Report Student learning outcomes: (retention and pass rates, student projects) Formal Peer Review Report Formal Teaching Evaluation Review – evidence of report Report from community partners and feedback on outcomes Faculty, University or national teaching awards Peer recognition of quality teaching eg invitations to teach in other universities Scholarship of teaching 5. Integration of scholarship, research and professional activities with  teaching and in support of student learning 6. Evaluation of practice and continuing professional learning Evidence Certificate of completion of Professional Learning program eg FOLT, ALUCP, ALCCP, ALFCP Formal teaching qualification in higher education e.g. Grad Certificate in Teaching Attendance at internal or external teaching-related workshops Training and experience from the relevant industry/profession/ discipline Invitation to present, design or evaluate a teaching and learning workshop Peer reviewed publications / citations University or national teaching and learning grants Details of grants, awards (successful and unsuccessful) and outcomes Service and Leadership in Teaching and Learning (including Community Engagement and Professional Practice) 7. Professional and personal effectiveness Evidence Independent reports from mentees Peer review/ reviewer of curricula which demonstrate engagement with the teaching/research nexus Peer review of curricula as an expert Leadership in supporting colleagues’ teaching through peer support and review. Outcomes of committee leadership Professional Association Awards that validate leadership and expertise in teaching and learning External Reports from the relevant industry/profession/ discipline Invitation to present, design or evaluate a teaching and learning workshop Invitations to present keynote at Teaching and Learning and disciplinary conferences on teaching and learning Membership of senior advisory groups to Government Leadership in external professional networks / interest groups in teaching and learning Recognition by national or international professional bodies (awards, fellowships, honorary memberships etc) Leadership of professional bodies Contribution to the review and development of national and international professional practice standards Leadership of a school, faculty, university or national teaching and learning initiative Level Dimensions of Curtin’s Teaching Excellence Evidence of achievement Teaching Teach and support student learning Design and plan for learning Assess and give feedback to learners Develop effective learning environments and approaches to student support and guidance A A developing profile in teaching and a scholarly approach to teaching as evidenced by: ââ€" participating in team teaching within an established program with appropriate mentoring ââ€" gaining experience in teaching in a variety of settings (eg small and large group, clinical, lab, field, research supervision) ââ€" developing skills in all aspects of teaching practice, with appropriate mentoring, including -curriculum design, -development of learning materials -analysis of learning needs of students -identification of appropriate approaches to teaching moderation of assessments -development of formative and summative assessment appropriately linked to learning outcomes ââ€" seeking ways to improve practice by obtaining and analysing feedback ââ€" embedding reflective practice within all aspects of teaching. ââ€" maintaining currency with the latest ideas in discipline ââ€" being informed of current ideas for teaching in the discipline Formal Peer review report Evidence of reflective practice and plan for improvement Teaching evaluation review report Evidence of planned learning activities designed to develop the students’ learning Sound knowledge of the unit material eVALUate TER 80% agreement or higher for two consecutive years and in most units taught B A developing profile in teaching and a scholarly approach to teaching as evidenced by: ââ€" using the latest ideas and research in the discipline in teaching and learning ââ€" applying current pedagogies in teaching and learning Formal Peer review report Evidence of reflective practice and plan for improvement eVALUate USR with unit coordinator response and response in unit outline Teaching evaluation review report Evidence of well-planned learning activities designed to develop the students learning Scholarly/informed approach to learning design Thorough knowledge of the unit material and its contribution in the course Effective and appropriate use of learning technologies Evidence of effective unit coordination and management of teaching teams and impact of mentoring on peers, colleagues Quality assurance and evaluation of teaching and learning (eg moderation, academic integrity) Student learning outcomes: (retention and pass rates, student projects) Additional evidence Tutor feedback on preparation, organisation, mentoring support Evidence of effective supervision of honours/postgraduate students to completion eVALUate TER 80% agreement or higher for two consecutive years and in most units taught eVALUate USR 80% agreement or higher for two consecutive years and in most units taught C Strong teaching practice evidenced by: ââ€" teaching in a range of different settings (1st year to PG; large and small group, different learning environments); ââ€" consistently high percentage agreement in teaching and unit evaluations; other evidence of positive student feedback and peer review ââ€" reflection, review and continuous improvement of curricula, teaching resources and teaching approaches; ââ€" application to teaching practice of new ideas in the discipline and new ideas about teaching in the discipline ââ€" Recognition through awards and prizes at School or Faculty level ââ€" Mentoring and supporting the development of teaching skills in Early Career teaching academics As per level B plus: Formal Peer review report Evidence of reflective practice and plan for improvement Teaching evaluation review report Tutor feedback on preparation, organisation, mentoring support Evidence of effective supervision of honours/postgraduate students to completion Report from community partners and feedback on outcomes Receiving a teaching award (faculty or university) D A sustained record of excellence in teaching practice at all levels as evidenced by: ââ€" Breadth and depth of teaching portfolio, ââ€" recognition through awards and prizes at University level and above Mentoring and supporting the development of teaching skills in Early Career and Mid-Career teaching staff As per level C plus: Teaching evaluation review report (External expert) Evidence of leadership of effective curriculum development at the program level. Evidence of contribution to the teaching or curriculum and/or discipline at the national level. Curriculum, learning materials adopted at other universities Receiving a teaching award including curriculum development (university or national) Details of leadership roles and specific contribution Feedback from staff mentored E A distinguished record of scholarly teaching at all levels as evidenced by: ââ€" demonstrable impact on student learning in and attitude towards the discipline over a sustained period ââ€" demonstrable impact on success of graduates over a sustained period ââ€" recognition through awards and prizes at National level ââ€" substantial role in mentoring and supporting the development of teaching skills of Early Career and Mid-Career teaching academics. As per level D plus: Teaching evaluation review report (External expert) Evidence of a leadership role and impact in curriculum design and review, planning and/or development at the (inter) national level Evidence of  significant curriculum, disciplinary contribution through published student learning materials, textbooks Leadership in mentoring and supporting colleagues in planning and designing learning activities and curriculum Details of mentoring and leadership support of colleagues External peer recognition and/or review on impact of curriculum, discipline, innovation Scholarship of teaching Engage in continuing professional learning in subjects/ disciplines and their pedagogy, incorporating research, scholarship and the evaluation of professional practice A A developing profile in the scholarship of teaching as evidenced by: ââ€" Participation in the communication and dissemination of teaching practice within the discipline ââ€" Participation in research on how students learn in the discipline ââ€" Presentations on teaching and learning at local and national conferences Teaching evaluation review report Excerpts from unit materials demonstrating incorporation of current teaching and learning research into teaching activities Evidence of teaching and learning scholarship in the practice of teaching and curriculum development Evidence of teaching materials and curricula which demonstrate engagement with the teaching/research nexus Evidence of self-evaluation leading to changes in practice and student learning Evidence of professional learning Completion of FOLT (all modules) Completion of ALUCP (if in unit coordination role) Evidence of attendance at internal or external teaching-related workshops Evidence of participation in conference / forum relevant to teaching and learning Working toward a formal teaching qualification in higher education e.g. Graduate Certificate in Higher Education A developing profile in teaching and a scholarly approach to teaching as evidenced by: ââ€" using the latest ideas and research in the discipline in teaching and learning ââ€" applying current pedagogies in teaching and learning As per level A plus: Evidence of professional learning Completion of ALUCP, ALCCP and/or ALFCP (according to role) Evidence of attendance at internal or external teaching-related workshops Contribution and systematic participation in professional learning or disciplinary engagement in the area, scholarship of Teaching and learning Formal teaching qualification in higher education e.g. Graduate Certificate in Teaching Teaching evaluation review report Evidence application of current pedagogies in the practice of teaching and curriculum development Membership of disciplinary teaching network (e.g. teaching and learning network, HERDSA, OLT) A strong record in the scholarship of teaching as evidence by: ââ€" Demonstrated institutional impact through curriculum development at the discipline or interdisciplinary level; ââ€" Presentations on teaching and learning at local and national conferences ââ€" Success in attracting funding to undertake projects related to teaching practice in the discipline As per level B plus: Details of grants, awards (successful and unsuccessful) and outcomes Teaching evaluation review report Contribution and systematic participation in professional learning or disciplinary engagement in teaching and learning Peer reviewed publications in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (local and national conferences) An excellent record of scholarship of teaching as evidenced by: ââ€"  Demonstrated institutional impact in relation to teaching policy and practice ââ€" Evidence of text books or innovative teaching materials that are used elsewhere ââ€" Participation in international organisations related to teaching area ââ€" A strong record of scholarly publication in major international education journals ââ€" Invited presentations at national and international conferences Partner and/or lead investigator on externally funded teaching and/or curriculum projects As per level C plus: Contributes to teaching and learning policy development and practice Invitation to present, design or evaluate a teaching and learning workshop (evidence of invitation) Peer recognition of quality teaching e.g. invitations to teach in other universities, awarded a faculty and/or University teaching award. Leadership and innovation in teaching practices and supporting students recognised at the university, disciplinary, national level Leadership in supporting colleagues’ teaching through peer review and teaching evaluation Success in a university, national, discipline teaching award Peer reviewed journal publications in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Textbook publications or innovative teaching materials used in the higher education sector A distinguished record of scholarship of teaching as evidenced by: ââ€" Recognition as an eminent international authority for scholarship of teaching, as reflected in: high quality scholarly publications in international education journals invitations to present keynote addresses workshops at relevant national and international conferences Lead investigator on externally funded teaching and/or curriculum projects teaching fellowships †¢Evidence of text books or innovative teaching materials that are used elsewhere As per level D plus: Teaching evaluation review report (External expert) Evidence of successful, strategic leadership and innovation in enhancing quality teaching practices and supporting student learning at the university, disciplinary, (inter) national level Evidence of championing an integrated approach to academic practice in the university, discipline, (inter)nationally. Evidence of establishing effective organisational policies and/or strategies for supporting and promoting others (eg through mentoring, coaching) in delivering high quality teaching and support for student learning Evidence of Keynote addresses and workshops in national and international Teaching and Learning conferences Peer reviewed publications in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning sustained publication record in high quality international journals Leadership in Teaching and Learning, Engagement and Professional practice A Demonstration of potential for leadership in teaching and learning Teaching evaluation review report Contribution and active participation in school teaching and learning committees Evidence of participation in external activities relevant to the discipline/profession and community engagement Demonstration of growing profile in service and leadership in teaching and learning Teaching evaluation review report Active participation in School committees with measureable outcomes details, role and outcomes Independent reports from mentees Peer review/ reviewer of curricula which demonstrate engagement with the teaching/research nexus Evidence of significant external contributions to the discipline/profession and community engagement Demonstration of effective service and leadership in teaching and learning ââ€"  As per level B plus: Teaching evaluation review report Successful prosecution of a major task (sustained or one-off project) that enhances performance of School/Faculty in teaching and learning Evidence of supporting the development of teaching skills in Early Career teaching academics Evidence of successful achievement in roles such as mentor, peer reviewer A significant leadership role in teaching and learning as evidenced by: ââ€" Leadership in curriculum development and renewal at School, Faculty and institutional levels ââ€" Leadership in introduction of new approaches to teaching and learning at School, Faculty and institutional levels ââ€" Invitations to participate in reviews of teaching and learning at other institutions; involvement in national educational activities ââ€" Participation in collaborative partnerships relating to teaching and learning with other educational institutions or other bodies As per level C plus: Teaching evaluation review report (External expert) Peer review of curricula as an expert Leadership in supporting colleagues’ teaching through peer support and review Outcomes of committee leadership Professional Association Awards that validate leadership and expertise in teaching and learning External Reports from the relevant industry/profession/ discipline Invitation to present, design or evaluate a teaching and learning workshop – evidence of invitation Invitations to present keynote at Teaching and Learning and disciplinary conferences on teaching and learning – evidence of invitation Leadership of a school, faculty, university or national teaching and learning initiative E A national and international leadership profile in teaching and learning as evidenced by: ââ€"  Impact on educational policy and curriculum development nationally and internationally; contributions to curriculum debates ââ€"  Leadership in educational activities of national and international organisations ââ€"  Leadership of collaborative partnerships relating to teaching and learning with other educational institutions or other bodies As per level D plus: Membership of senior advisory groups to Government Leadership in external professional networks / interest groups in teaching and learning Recognition by national or international professional bodies (awards, fellowships, honorary memberships etc) Leadership of professional bodies Contribution to the review and development of national and international professional practice standards

Robert Frost: A Man Of Many Words :: essays research papers

Robert Frost was born on March 26th, 1874. Frost was the son of William Prescott and Isabelle Moodie. His parents named him after the confederate general, Robert E. Lee. (Encyclopedia of World Bio) Robert Frost began kindergarten in 1879; unfortunately he was struck with stomach pains on the first day and never returned. He was then home schooled by his mother, whom was a teacher. Before his schooling was over he had been accepted to Lawrence High School, and finished at the head of his class. Frosts first job was teaching however he is best known for his writing, and his life's tragedies. (American Decades)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1912 Frost moved to England, and started writing full time. Within months he had written his first book, A Boy's Will, which was accepted for publication. (Contemporary Authors) I think Robert Frost is a master student because he liked school and strived for what he believed in, he accomplished goals he set despite tragic episodes in his life, and he became an inspiring author. Robert Frost strove for what he believed in which was becoming a successful writer. He had written his first published poem before he finished high school. He published a few more pieces, and then he graduated with Valedictory honors. He moved on to Dartmooth College. After leaving he was accepted to Harvard and was awarded the Sewall Scholarship for Academic Excellence. Frosts publishing went world wide and had people envying him everywhere in the world he went.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost was also a master student because despite all the tragic times he was faced with he still dug deep to become one of the best writers of all time. Some of the tragedies he went through were, the death of his first son Elliot to cholera. His daughter Marjorie was sickened to perpetual fever. Two years after this incident his wife Elinor died of heart failure. Despite all of these tragedies Frost surrounded Himself with loving colleagues and continued to write successfully.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an author Frost has inspired many. He had began delivering speeches, talks, and lectures. Frost did not only inspire those he lectured to, but he was inspired by the audience and fans to write more. Some of his best work was said to have happened after the start of his public speeches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion I believe Robert Frost to be a master student mainly for the inspiration he's given.

Theories of varied motivation in psychology

It is said that entire psychology is about the study of motivation itself. In fact the science of psychology evolved to explain, answer and reason the ‘why’ of human behavior. Motivation holds the answer to this ‘why’ because when we attempt to reason for a particular behavior or attitude then basically we are finding the motivations responsible for that particular behavior (Gorman, 2003, 1). People perform a variety of actions through multiple roles according to their dominant motivation that guides their behavior. In psychological studies the implicit motivations determining human behavior are not only considered from point of view of biological drives and neurological impetus but they are also explained by relational aspect of human behavior where motivation is a dynamic aspect of the behavior that helps people to interact with the world (Nuttin, 1984,1).   Many theorist attempt to offer generalized explanation for a majority of human actions purely in terms of natural instinct or sudden impulse. Even the people engaged in performing those actions may also agree to this viewpoint. However, the theory of instinct and impulse presents an incomplete rational because there are critical external factors and attractions that also contribute towards the particular motivation. Therefore human motivation is a dynamic product of combination of intrinsic human traits as well as their environmental setting. Another important factor that plays an important role in explaining motivational factors in behavior is human emotion (Gorman, 2003, 89). Human beings experience a number of emotional states that continue to fluctuate and they act as causative factors in a large number of actions undertaken by them. As a matter of fact, motivation is a product of a very complex process of internal and external interaction of human beings with themselves and their surrounding and it acts as stimulant and provide energy for their behaviors and consequent actions. Psychoanalytic Explanation of motives Motives interests psychologist because they provide insight into the character and approach of individuals, providing psychologists with test materials on which they can further form and expand their theories. The reasons of specific actions, such as why did a person steal, why did he commit a murder, why did he participate in a cause where he was not interested, or why did he contributed a majority of his wealth to charitable causes can perhaps be better understood if the motives behind them are sought. The implicit notion is that there are some actions which deviant to a person’s characteristics and those that are difficult be explained by any standard rule based system (Peters, 1958, 28). Psychologists, in their attempts to explore the motives, that is the set of specific reasons for deviant as well as normal actions have given considerable attention to the unconscious self of human beings of which they are themselves unaware. The unconscious self is composed of repressed feelings of deprivations, unfulfilled desires and infant sexuality and it subtly acts on every human being to set the framework of many of their actions (Peters, 1958, 55). This theory of unconscious mental process, as proposed by Freud, and the psychoanalytic explanations it offered, did not profess to explain the entire gamut of human behaviors, but it certainly provided a more panoramic view to cause and reasons of many human actions that were hitherto conventionally explained on mere visible evidences. According to the new wisdom, actions performed by people have a long and complicated background and though they may appear final or conclusive in their immediate bearing, they are part of a long chain of interconnected events. Therefore even the simple question that why did John walk across the road take vast proportion in psychology. As explained by Peters (4), the simple answer that John crosses the road to buy some tobacco is insufficient, even though John himself in unaware of any other motive. To a psychologist, in crossing the road to buy tobacco, John is conforming to many social and cultural stereotypes such as he is not running or crawling across the road to get the tobacco (ibid, 5). If John had run, then his goal of obtaining tobacco would had fallen incommensurate with his action that should had warranted more urgent justification. However as John walks across the road, it indicates that procuring tobacco is a kind of activity that should be accomplished in a normal behavioral conduct to make it appear as an appropriate social function. A psychologist might further argue that John has secret liking for tobacconist’s girl, and he goes to the particular shop to see that girl, though he may himself be not aware of this. Another explanation might be offered that John had an unconscious disliking of work from which he wanted to escape and the act of going to tobacconist was a way for him to stay away from the unpleasant work. Its important to see here that in neither of these explanations John himself is aware of any other reason other than buying tobacco, but each of the region, both of them or several others can be true to the case. The Biological Approach to Motives The biological or physiological aspects of motives are perhaps the earliest explanations that were offered to reason for motives behind human actions and behaviors. This approach views human as ‘drive-oriented’ animals who are more the product of biological factors of cellular and neurochemical reactions, acting through our genetic traits alone and spurred by release of hormones to various actions. This physiological analysis puts instinct as the primary reason behind every human action and its framework basic human instincts such as desire to eat, drink, sleep and have sex combine to form the further ramifications of human behavior (Gorman, 2003,14). In this model, drives for specific actions stimulate people and they respond accordingly in their behavior. It states that behavior of people is the result of homeostasis, that is, the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment of body. Body responds to any deprivation that threatens the stability of internal equilibrium and unleashes corresponding behavior to correct it (Weiner, 1980, 11). Thus homeostasis drive theory accounts for situations where a person may be compelled to steal food if he is hungry, or run if he is threatened, as maintaining the internal equilibrium is principle motive of any living organism. Behavioral approach to motives As Nuttin (1984, 16) states, understanding of motivational process is critically dependent on understanding of dynamic aspects of human behavior. In the field of psychology behavior refers to cognitive activities that an individual performs in the context of a behavioral world (ibid, 17). These activities can not be understood if they are treated separately, and therefore an integrated model of behavior interpretation is required that views that takes a complete and related view of all the processes in the living organism. According to the behavioral model, the various biochemical functions and basic drives are encompassed by behavior that gives these individual traits their full meaning and purpose (ibid, 18). As such hunger, thirst, sleep, sex drive, fear, ecstasy, loyalty etc are not isolated factors in determining motives. Instead they are integrated as part of the behavioral structure that creates a sense of organic continuity. Thus seeing changes to watching and hearing changes to listening in the behavioral model. Various theories and models in the field of social behavior have come with suggestion that human behavior reflects a person’s intent to act (Orbell, 2004, 145). According to each of these models it is possible to predict behavior from intentions and behavioral control displayed by a person. Behavioral characteristics can successfully account for specific types of motivations seen with various actions. For example, harvesting, hunting and fishing are quite different behaviors, yet they are done with the same objective of procuring food. Similarly, despite their different behavioral traits, people are essentially same every where, in the sense that they seek love, trust, social respect, and financial stability, thus acting through almost identical motivational drives. Within the behavioral system, a form of unity and cohesion is attempted out of multiple elements interacting together in a motivational setup (Nuttin, 1984, 84). Humanistic Approach to Motives The humanistic approach in describing different motives for human actions is a relatively new field. Its fundamental principles, as stated by Weiner(1980, 409) are 1. Humanistic psychology studies people in their real life circumstances, where humans are subjects of the study, rather than object. People are described in their own consciousness and perceptions and the reasons and motives of their actions are placed along with their individuality, in a holistic and complete framework. 2. Humanistic psychologists also believe that human choice, will, their desire to move ahead in life, to grow and realize their potentials contribute to their actions, behavior and approach to life. 3. The dominant characteristics of any individual is to achieve personal potential, and develop their capacities and talents to highest level. Thus the central motivation in an individual’s life is to grow, move ahead and develop his or her own self. Conclusion Human actions would continue to be defined, analyzed and interpreted from a number of points of view, according to various theories, models and approaches to understand its complexity and give complete meaning to its attributes, in order to evolve a wholesome picture of factors that motivates people towards a varied degree of actions. Motivations can be best understood from the dynamics of behavior and the integrated setup that provides basis for planning, thinking, action and achievements of goals to people. Further, people are motivated to different actions based on their own perception of needs and requirements as well acting through their subconscious self, which explains for the difference in their perceived reason of their certain steps from the actual reasons justifying it. Reference Gorman, P, 2003, Motivation and Emotion, Routledge, New York. Nuttin, J, 1984, Motivation, Planning, and Action: A Relational Theory of Behavior Dynamics, (trnsltr) Jean E. Dumas ,, Raymond P. Lorion , Leuven University Press; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Leuven, Belgium. Orbell, S, 2004, Contemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes: The Cardiff Symposium. (edit ) Geoffrey Haddock,   Gregory R. Maio, Psychology Press. Hove, England. Peters RS, 1985,The Concept of Motivation. Routledge & Kegan Paul :London Weiner, H, 1980, Human Motivation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ   

Prison culture

Encounter and Synthesis You will conduct an in-depth, I-hour interview with an individual or married couple from your selected cultural group to develop an understanding of the cultural factors that helped shape that individual's (or couple's) cultural identity. A variety of Issues may be explored in the Interview. The knowledge you gained from Parts 1 and 2, as well as your sense of the person/couple you Interview, will gulled you in how personal you can get with your questions. Cultural groups and Individuals ray on how private they are. SE their feedback regarding what areas you can probe. If the person is very open, go deeper. If not, then respect that cultural boundary and ask yourself why this boundary is there. Issues that you may wish to explore during the interview include, but are not limited to, the following: 1. Early childhood experiences and parental values 2. Earliest memories of recognizing membership in a culturally different group 3. The role of religion/spiritualit y 4. Immigration experiences 5. Similarities/differences between couples' interactions in the U. S. Compared to in he person's original culture 6.School experiences as a member of a cultural minority 7. Experiences with subtle racism or discrimination 8. Experiences with overt racism or discrimination 9. Ways the person/couple chose his/her/their career(s) or made career choices 10. The experience of being culturally different 1 1 . Attitudes about the â€Å"majority culture 12. Extent of desire to assimilate majority cultural attitudes, values, and lifestyles 13. Feelings of oppression 14. Feelings of anger toward majority culture 15. From the person's/couple's own cultural background, are there any racist attitudes toward or stereotyping of individuals from other particular cultures? 6. Strengths identified from the person's/couple's cultural background that help him/ her/them cope with living in the U. S. Once your Interview Is done, you will answer the questions below. Read all the questions before you begin so you will not repeat yourself. First person may be used in your answers. While this is not a regular academic paper (since it can be in outline form, consists of answering questions, and can be in first persons you must observe correct and current PAP style (1†³ margins, h† indents of paragraphs, everything bubble-spaced, correct citation style if used, etc. ).

How to Research German Ancestors

How to Research German Ancestors Germany, as we know it today, is a much different country than it was during the time of our distant ancestors. Germanys life as a unified nation didnt even begin until 1871, making it a much younger country than most of its European neighbors. This can make locating German ancestors a bit more challenging than many think. What Is Germany? Prior to its unification in 1871, Germany consisted of a loose association of kingdoms (Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, Wurttemberg...), duchies (Baden...), free cities (Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck...), and even personal estates - each with its own laws and record keeping systems. After a brief period as a unified nation (1871-1945), Germany was again divided following World War II, with parts of it given to Czechoslovakia, Poland,  and the USSR. What was left was then divided into East Germany and West Germany, a division that lasted until 1990. Even during the unified period, some sections of Germany were given to Belgium, Denmark,  and France in 1919. What this means for people researching German roots, is that the records of their ancestors may or may not be found in Germany. Some may be found among the records of the six countries which have received portions of former Germany territory (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Poland, and the USSR). Once you take your research prior to 1871, you may also be dealing with records from some of the original German states. What and Where Was Prussia? Many people assume that Prussian ancestors were German, but this isnt necessarily the case. Prussia was actually the name of a geographical region, which originated in the area between Lithuania and Poland, and later grew to encompass the southern Baltic coast and northern Germany. Prussia existed as an independent state from the 17th century until 1871, when it became the largest territory of the new German empire. Prussia as a state was officially abolished in 1947, and now the term only exists in reference to the former province. While an extremely brief overview of Germanys path through history, hopefully, this helps you understand some of the obstacles that German genealogists face. Now that you understand these difficulties, its time to go back to the basics. Begin With Yourself No matter where your family ended up, you cant research your German roots until you have learned more about your more recent ancestors. As with all genealogy projects, you need to begin with yourself, talk to your family members, and follow the other basic steps of starting a family tree. Locate the Birthplace of Your Immigrant Ancestor Once youve used a variety of genealogy records to trace your family back to the original German ancestor, the next step is to find the name of the specific town, village or city in Germany where your immigrant ancestor lived. Since most German records are not centralized, it is nearly impossible to trace your ancestors in Germany without this step. If your German ancestor immigrated to America after 1892, you can probably find this information on the passenger arrival record for the ship on which they sailed to America. The Germans to America series should be consulted if your German ancestor arrived between 1850 and 1897. Alternatively, if you know from which port in Germany they departed, you may be able to locate their hometown on the German passenger departure lists. Other common sources for locating an immigrants hometown include vital records of birth, marriage,  and death; census records; naturalization records and church records. Learn more tips for finding the birthplace o f your immigrant ancestor. Locate the German Town After youve determined the immigrants hometown in Germany, you should next locate it on a map to determine whether it still exists, and in which German state. Online German gazetteers can help locate the state in Germany in which a town, village or city can now be found. If the place appears to no longer exist, turn to historic German maps and finding aids to learn where the place used to be, and in which country, region or state the records may now exist. Birth, Marriage Death Records in Germany Even though Germany didnt exist as a unified nation until 1871, many German states developed their own systems of civil registration prior to that time, some as early as 1792. Since Germany has no central repository for civil records of birth, marriage,  and death, these records may be found in various locations including the local civil registrars office, government archives, and on microfilm through the Family History Library.   Census Records in Germany Regular  censuses  have been conducted in Germany on a countrywide basis since 1871. These national censuses were actually conducted by each state or province, and the original returns can be obtained from the municipal archives (Stadtarchiv) or the Civil Register Office (Standesamt) in each district. The biggest exception to this is East Germany (1945-1990), which destroyed all of its original census returns. Some census returns were also destroyed by bombing during World War II. Some counties and cities of Germany have also conducted separate censuses at irregular intervals over the years. Many of these have not survived, but some are available in the relevant municipal archives or on microfilm through the Family History Library. The information available from German census records varies greatly by time period and area. Earlier census returns may be basic head  counts  or include only the name of the head of household. Later census records provide more detail. German Parish Registers While most German civil records only go back to around the 1870s, parish registers go back as far as the 15th century. Parish registers are books maintained by church or parish offices to record baptisms, confirmations, marriages, burials and other church events and activities, and are a major source of family history information in Germany. Some even include family registers (Seelenregister or Familienregister) where information about an individual family group is recorded together  on  a single place. Parish registers are generally kept by the local parish office. In some  cases, however, the older parish registers may have been forwarded to a central parish register office or ecclesiastical archives, a state or municipal archive, or a local vital registration office. If the parish is no longer in existence, the parish registers may be found in the office of the parish which took over for that area. In addition to the original parish registers, parishes in most areas of Germany required a verbatim copy of the register to be made and forwarded annually to the district court - until the time when vital registration took effect (from about 1780-1876). These second writings are sometimes available when the original records are not, or are a good source for double-checking hard-to-decipher handwriting in the original register. It is important to keep in mind, however, that these second writings are copies of the original and, as such, are one step removed from the original source, introducing a greater chance of errors. Many Germany parish registers have been microfilmed by the LDS church and are available through the Family History Library or your local  family history center. Other sources of Germany family history information include school records, military records, emigration records, ship passenger lists and city directories. Cemetery records may also be helpful but, as in much of Europe, cemetery lots are leased for a specific number of years. If the lease isnt renewed, the burial plot becomes open for someone else to be buried there. Where Are They Now? The town,  kindom, principality or  duchie  where your ancestor lived in Germany may be hard to find on a map of modern Germany. To help you find your way around German records, this list outlines the states (  bundeslnder) of modern Germany, along with the historical territories that they now contain. Germanys three city-states - Berlin, Hamburg,  and  Bremen - predate these states created in 1945. Baden-Wà ¼rttembergBaden, Hohenzollern, Wà ¼rttemberg BavariaBavaria (excluding Rheinpfalz), Sachsen-Coburg BrandenburgThe western portion of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg. HesseFree  City of Frankfurt am Main, Grand Duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt (less the province of Rheinhessen), part of Landgraviate Hessen-Homburg, Electorate of Hessen-Kassel, Duchy of Nassau, District of Wetzlar (part of the former Prussian Rheinprovinz), Principality of Waldeck. Lower SaxonyDuchy of Braunschweig, Kingdom/Prussian, Province of Hannover, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. Mecklenburg-VorpommernGrand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (less the principality of Ratzeburg),  western  portion of the Prussian province of Pomerania. North Rhine-WestphaliaPrussian province of Westfalen, northern portion of Prussian Rheinprovinz, Principality of Lippe-Detmold. Rheinland-PfalzPart of the Principality of Birkenfeld, Province of Rheinhessen, part of the Landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg, most of the Bavarian Rheinpfalz, part of the Prussian Rheinprovinz. SaarlandPart of the Bavarian Rheinpfalz, part of the Prussian Rheinprovinz, part of the principality of Birkenfeld. Sachsen-AnhaltFormer Duchy of Anhalt, Prussian province of Sachsen. SaxonyKingdom  of Sachsen, part of the Prussian province of Silesia. Schleswig-HolsteinFormer Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein,  Free  City of Là ¼beck, Principality of Ratzeburg. ThuringiaDuchies and Principalities of Thà ¼ringen, part of  Prussian  province of Sachsen. Some areas are no longer part of modern Germany. Most of East Prussia (Ostpreussen) and Silesia (Schlesien) and part of Pomerania (Pommern) are now in Poland.  Similarly,​  Alsace (Elsass) and Lorraine (Lothringen) are in France, and in each  case,  you must take your research to those countries.

KKK essays

KKK essays The closely shaved scalp and spouting white-supremacist beliefs are difficult to miss. Indeed, American skinheads have carved out a niche for their radical and very violent approach to what they deem as social and racial injustice, much the same way the Ku Klux Klan has achieved for its members throughout the twentieth century. As the world continues to spiral toward complete and utter eradication, there exists a select sector of the population that refuses to allow this to happen without at least a good fight. American skinheads have long been at the forefront of controversy in their indignation toward racial intolerance. These ordinary citizens believe the very social bureaucracy that it is supposed to protect is deceiving the entire country and even the world. They staunchly support the idea of running headlong into the alleged racial problem, wheeling firearms and taking control, just as much as they believe this to be the only way that white supremacy will ever dominate social thought. "Skinheads have a view of the world; it may be coarse, but it is not empty" (Mousavideh 70). While their efforts are born out of a desire to protect their particular race, American skinheads have been credited with scores of violent offenses, often inappropriately representing their ultimate cause. It is with great respect and dedication to their race that these militants work toward defending the world from negative impact of racial integration; however, in spite of their underlying desire to clean up the social wrongdoing, their actions oftentimes prove detrimental to their quest. Indeed, it can readily be argued that American skinheads are no different than any other militia group when it comes to attempting to assert its myopic opinion upon the general population. "The US states should pass and enforce laws banning private militias, and the federal government should enact backup legislation, to protect us all from unaccountable priva...

5 things to consider before becoming a freelancer

5 things to consider before becoming a freelancer No set hours, no dress code and no boss. The life of a freelancer sounds like the dream situation for many average workers, especially those who have skills in writing, design or coding. With these skills, the reality of becoming a remote worker is not a far off dream as it is for others. But, it is important to take a step back and consider what it actually means to be a freelancer before taking the leap. Quitting your job and realising it’s not actually for you can be a stark reality to face.1) It’s a Solo Career PathThere’s no office water cooler in your home office, nor is there an opportunity to turn to your co-worker and have a chat about the weather. For some, this can be a very lonely path. It is good for those who have an erratic schedule, kids who need varying amounts of attention or someone who thrives on work hours that are outside of the 9 to 5.However, for some people, the isolation that comes with freelancing can cause anxiety or even depression. F reelancers who begin to feel this way should get out of the house as often as possible – even if it’s simply scheduling coffee with a friend or taking part in a sports activity twice a week. A break from the norm and social interaction is needed to keep the average freelancer sane.Networking can also be a great way to ensure that you get socialisation as a freelancer. Whether online or off, not only can you meet new people but you could also get more work from the endeavour!2) Money TalksFreelancing does not come with a set salary. One month you may be swimming in work and watching your bank account grow healthily, whereas the next you may be struggling to remember the meaning of the word client. It’s an insecure way to make a living – any prospective freelancer needs to be aware and prepared for this.Also, leaving the world of full-time work can remove important factors such as health insurance, retirement funds and other company benefits. Paying out for this alongside rent, savings, bills and the simple cost of living can see your freelancing money not stretch as far as you would have hoped.If you generally struggle to save money or keep track of your finances – even with a regular income – then freelancing may not be for you. Doing your own finances, taxes and sorting out the right freelancers insurance can be next to impossible if you don’t have a firm grasp on your budget.3) Legal FactorsAs a freelancer, you are considered a sole trader. But, this can open you up to a world of legal problems that are typically covered by an employer in the permanent career path. Setting yourself up as a limited company can be one way in which you mitigate this legal risk to yourself.Creating your own limited company can help to separate you and your work. Protecting your personal funds in the case of your company financially struggling or folding, or in the case that a client sues. Having a company in place helps to prevent the client from going after you or your personal money.Having legal contracts in place is also integral to protecting yourself from any repercussions. A written agreement can help protect your income also, as having written proof of your agreement with a client can help you to claim back money owed in the case of no payment. Terms and conditions alongside a privacy policy are also important to have on your website if you are selling a product, as it protects both you and any visitor to your site.4) Firm Handed ApproachSometimes clients don’t want to pay you. Sometimes clients want things on an impossible time scale. Sometimes it can feel like you’re just being set up to fail. For these situations, having a firm hand is vital to help keep your head above water. Learning to say ‘no’ is almost as important as the skill that allows you to freelance in the first place.If you find that you’re more of a ‘yes person’ then freelancing may not b e a career path that you can thrive in.5) Organisation is KingDeadlines. Client logins. Invoices. Taxes. Emails. Lots and lots of emails.Keeping on top of everything can feel like a monumental task at the best of times, but even more so when you are a freelancer responsible for the running of a small business. Ultimately, that’s what you are. A small business with all of the paperwork and administration that comes with it – all of which you have to do by yourself.If keeping things in order is a struggle of yours, then keeping track of your freelancing career may be a struggle in the beginning. However, learning to become organised is not impossible!Purchase a file for your tax returns and insurance documents. Invest in an accounting software that works for you and can help you to invoice your clients with ease. Create folders in your email account that will help you deal with issues in order of priority. Use a calendar that can help you keep on top of all your deadline s, those are important after all!There a lot of things that need to be organised as a freelancer, if it seems like too much now then imagine what it will be like during the everyday struggle of freelancing. Set firm organisation in place from day one to enjoy true success as a freelancer.So there you have it, the top considerations that you need to make before you take the leap into freelance writing for good. Ensure that you consider everything carefully before you leave the city centre office in exchange for your home office.About the authorZack Halliwell is a lover of long walks with his dog during the day and a freelance writer by night. Kind of like Batman (coincidentally the name of his dog). Find him @ZackHalliwell on  Twitter.

Job evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job evaluation - Essay Example The 'worth' of a job is usually based on judgments of skill, effort (physical and mental), responsibility (supervisory and fiscal), and working conditions. The advantage of this method is that it is very simple. It is also very effective when there are only few jobs (less than 30) to be evaluated. Its disadvantage is that it is difficult to implement when there are plenty of jobs to be evaluated. Furthermore, rank judgments are often subjective making it unreliable. There are also no standards used for comparison; thus, to determine the rank of new jobs it has to be compared always with existing jobs. There are several types of ranking method namely: simple ranking, alternation ranking and paired comparison. Simple ranking ranks the jobs according to their overall value to the organization. In alternation ranking the job descriptions are ordered alternately at each extreme. An agreement is reached among evaluators on which job is the most valuable, then the least valuable; then the n ext-most valued, then the next-least valued; and so on until all the jobs have been ordered. Paired comparison on the other hand involves comparing all possible pairs of jobs to be evaluated. The second method of job evaluation is classification.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 93

Assignment Example The news from countries that are at war is now transformed to assume a face that is more human. Women changed the local stories that have made then public to respond to homelessness, child prostitution and domestic violence and abuse. Women were determined to change the traditions that had dominated the newsrooms for a long time (Chambers, Steiner, and Fleming 11). They argued that [people see what they are seeking and what they are adapted to. Women see perceive things differently from men, and they inclusion in the newsrooms adds a lot of value to the news coverage. They complete the news the content of the news by making all parts of the society visible. They also facilitated the redress of the discriminative nature of newspapers that perceived them as citizens who were in the second class (Chambers, Steiner, and Fleming 8). They now report about those women who are in exceptionally high ranks in any organization, not just using them in adverts to demonstrate the strength of a detergent that can remove all form s of stains. This essay is in total agreement with the fact that women have brought a major transformation in journalism, and the evidence for this is clear. In conclusion, women have brought a new face in the newsroom, by completing the news coverage to all spheres of society. However, they still have not been fully integrated to occupy the top ranks in the journalism

Gay Marriage Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gay Marriage Philosophy - Research Paper Example These arguments make gay marriage one of the largely unsettled issues in our society. And this issue will not likely be settled in the contemporary context where conservatives and liberals seem to be bound to contradict each other in almost all issues and points of discussion. This paper shall discuss the thesis: The government has no right to enact laws which ban marriage between individuals of the same gender. It shall clarify arguments for both sides of the issue and state which side of the issue is better defended. This topic is being discussed in the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive assessment of the issue. Discussion The provision of the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution which is relevant to this issue is in Section 1 which partly reads â€Å"†¦no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process o f law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws† (as cited by Cornell University, n.d). These provisions can be used as the basis for gay marriage being a constitutionally protected right. The right to marry between two consenting individuals of legal age can be justified under the right to equal protection of laws. There are however opposing arguments to the legal allowance given to gay marriage. An initial discussion of opposing argument shall be considered below. Against same-sex marriages Those who argue against the same-sex marriages argue that marriage is a legal union between a man and a woman, and as such, two men and two women cannot be afforded the same protection as a man and a woman seeking to marry (Zambrowicz, 1994). Various courts have also cited technical and dictionary meanings of marriages which indicate that it is a union of a man and a woman, and there is no mention of same-sex unions in these definitions. Other opponents to same-sex marriage also set forth that based on the laws today, gay marriages are an oxymoron; meaning, it is an act which does not exist because the legal mandate is still based on the union of man and woman (Duncan, 1996). The argument against gay marriages is also largely based on tradition – a global tradition that gay marriages are largely prohibited in most countries of the world. The US will not likely be the first nation in the world which shall discard the concept of traditional marriages; it will not likely be the first state to express that gay marriages are as important as heterosexual marriages (Willett, 1997). References to traditions and customs were also seen in the case of Jones v. Hallahan where the state expressly stated that marriage is the union of a man and a woman. Same-sex marriage has consistently been disallowed by the courts, with these courts further arguing that marriages must be between a man and a woman (Willett, 1997). Another argument establ ished by opponents to same-sex marriage is that these marriages are basically tied in with procreation. The inability of procreation between same-sex marriages negates support for the institution (Franke, 2006). In the case of Singer v. Hara, the court established that denying marriage licenses to two male parties was not considered gender discrimination, however, it was based on the state’

Consumer Behavior - Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behavior - Marketing - Assignment Example They were chosen as my subjects since they bought a high-involvement product which is a laptop . It is considered a high-involvement product since it is quite expensive and would be used for a long period. At the beginning, it was quite hard to look for these two subjects since many people buy different types of high-involvement products. Fortunately, some friends helped me out in finding two subjects who bought different brands of laptop some months ago. The profile of the subjects vary greatly, nevertheless, they are typical consumers since they go through a lot of painful decision-making before buying a product. Also, they needed advice from friends or colleague before making a decision of their own. Consumer A is a technogeek, someone whose main source of living is developing operating systems in an IT company. He is a very busy person living a high-profile life in the city. However, he is the father of a friend that is why he agreed to be my subject. The other subject is a stude nt in a university, a social science major heavily involved with research. I think their background would somehow be significant in their decision process in acquiring a laptop. In order to a have a logical presentation of the process they went through, I decided to tabulate the result in a table. Technogeek’s old laptop broke down and needed many upgrades to cope up with is demands being an incessant programmer. His need for a laptop is like his need for oxygen. He immediately bought a laptop three days after his old laptop broke down. His need is mainly triggered by his job. This consumer felt that there were too many demands from her research subjects. Although she has a desktop in her dorm, she needs a laptop to access the wi-fi environment on her campus. She also hangs out late night at some coffee shop writing her papers. Her need is triggered by mobility and access to information anytime she wants

Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Orientalism - Essay Example depiction of Arab world by the media, literature and films, which were full of sensual women who were there to be used by men and East was depicted as a mysterious place full of secrets. This had no link with the people, who actually lived there, says Said. Said calls this viewpoint, orientalism and emphasises that this orientalist approach was creating an image outside history as if the life of the orient was placid, still and eternal. He elaborates his argument by saying that this was actually the creation of an ideal ‘other’. In the next part, orientalism is located by Said in the context of imperial conquest. Said reminds that Napolian invaded Egypt not only with his army, but with scientists, architects, philologists, biologists, historians etc. Said says that the job of these non-military people was to record Egypt for the Europians, conveniently suiting the invader’s ideology. The second section also specifically deals with American orientalism. According t o Said, the ideas of Britain and France of the orient were weaved around direct experience of ruling these nations but US never directly occupied the east or Middle East and so their experience was indirect. So, says Said, the American orientalism is much more based on abstractions. And he adds that American orientalism is politicized by the presence of Israel. Said reminds us that there is no word spoken in US about the dispossessed millions in Palestine and the prolonged Israeli occupation of Gaza but Hamas is depicted as villains who kill Israeli children.. So the average American never gets the opportunity to see without prejudice, the real Arab world, says Said. Said enters the contemporary realm at this stage and goes on to say that orientalism today is mainly, the demonisation of Islam in the news and popular culture. He states that always the Muslims are shown dressed in black, wearing masks and conducting violent acts, by the media. Terrorism, which is incorrectly named as Islamic

Consumer Behavior - Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behavior - Marketing - Assignment Example They were chosen as my subjects since they bought a high-involvement product which is a laptop . It is considered a high-involvement product since it is quite expensive and would be used for a long period. At the beginning, it was quite hard to look for these two subjects since many people buy different types of high-involvement products. Fortunately, some friends helped me out in finding two subjects who bought different brands of laptop some months ago. The profile of the subjects vary greatly, nevertheless, they are typical consumers since they go through a lot of painful decision-making before buying a product. Also, they needed advice from friends or colleague before making a decision of their own. Consumer A is a technogeek, someone whose main source of living is developing operating systems in an IT company. He is a very busy person living a high-profile life in the city. However, he is the father of a friend that is why he agreed to be my subject. The other subject is a stude nt in a university, a social science major heavily involved with research. I think their background would somehow be significant in their decision process in acquiring a laptop. In order to a have a logical presentation of the process they went through, I decided to tabulate the result in a table. Technogeek’s old laptop broke down and needed many upgrades to cope up with is demands being an incessant programmer. His need for a laptop is like his need for oxygen. He immediately bought a laptop three days after his old laptop broke down. His need is mainly triggered by his job. This consumer felt that there were too many demands from her research subjects. Although she has a desktop in her dorm, she needs a laptop to access the wi-fi environment on her campus. She also hangs out late night at some coffee shop writing her papers. Her need is triggered by mobility and access to information anytime she wants

Aviation Inspection and Maintenance System Research Paper

Aviation Inspection and Maintenance System - Research Paper Example 996), since the beginning of the FAA regulation scheme, FAA maintenance personnel have been required to be certificated in order to perform various tasks in keeping aircrafts under repair and airworthy. Moreover, there are other mechanics that are granted inspection authorization by FAA to perform required inspections on all aircrafts operating in the national airspace (Eichenberger, 1996). Furthermore, federal aviation regulations have been put in place to regulate maintenance and inspections and define operating limitations for aircrafts having different kinds of certifications (FAA, 2008). The federal aviation regulations provide five regulation options that should be adapted by all the aircrafts operating in US airspace. These are the continuous airworthiness inspection program, inspection program used by air taxi operator, inspection program used by air travel club, a manufacturer’s inspection program and any other inspection program developed by the owner and approved by the administrator (King, 1986). According to Patankar and Taylor (2004), to reduce the aviation risks, aviation maintenance strategy should optimize the contribution of people and information through technical support. However, Garland et al. (1999) indicate that human factors such as the individual differences of aviation inspectors have a very great influence on the process of inspection and maintenance of aviation facilities and equipment. Several factors resulted in occurrence of this accident. One of the key factors is the failure of an air traffic control system to facilitate the dissemination of key, available wind information to the air traffic controllers and the pilots due to poor maintenance. In this case, both the pilot and the traffic controllers were not aware of the presence and effect of the gusting wind that was being experienced at the airport. It is clear that if the two were aware they could have chosen to delay the flight or could have chosen another runway and the

Student Web Scavenger Hunt Essay Example for Free

Student Web Scavenger Hunt Essay Log on to the new University of Phoenix eCampus web page located at: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/portal/portal/public/login.aspx. Explore the resources available on the site and use them to answer the following questions. ACADEMIC HELP 1.What are the six â€Å"Other Math Labs† available for study in the Center for Mathematics Excellence? (Hint: Click on the â€Å"Running Start Link.†) Self-Assessment Aleks Math Refresher Pre-Algebra Review Algebra 1 Algebra 2 Introduction to Statistics 2.Which three reviewing services are available to students through the Center for Writing Excellence? WritePoint takes 2 hours CWE Review takes 4 days Plagiarism Checker takes minutes 3.Which resource in the Tutorials Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence â€Å"offers tips about how to format using APA style according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition)†? Samples APA Sample 4.What are the two required writing manuals for University of Phoenix students? APA Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Gregg Reference Manual UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1.What are the three major article databases found in the University Library? EBSCO host Gale PowerSearch Pro Quest 2.Name three specialized article databases in the University Library. ACM Digital Library American Health Line Bio-Med Central 3.What link would you click to ask a question of the University of Phoenix Librarian? Under University Library, look on the left side under other resources, and then click on Ask a librarian COURSE INFORMATION 1.From your student Web site, how do you access your reading assignments for this course? Open Resource, Click on which week Go to Classroom Go to Materials Scroll down to the readings Click on which reading you need Click either read book online or Click download eBook 2.What chapter from the text Keys to College Studying is part of the reading assignment for Week Two of this course? Keys to College Studying is not our textbook. Chapter 1 of our textbook talks about modes of learning, multiple intelligences, and learning styles. Chapter 9 talks about diversity. 3.Where on your student Web site will you be able to find your schedule and course grades? Go to Schedules and Grades or Under Home tab, go to Quick links on the left side, then go to schedules and grades LEARNING TEAMS 1.What six documents are contained in the â€Å"Toolkit Essentials† section of the Learning Team Toolkit? Learning Team Handbook Online Campus Learning Team Handbook Guide to Completing the University of Phoenix Learning Team Charter Learning Team Log Learning Team Evaluation Learning Team Charter 2.According to the Learning Team Toolkit section, â€Å"Why Learning Teams?† what are the four essential functions filled by Learning Teams that are especially beneficial to working adult learners? Create collaborative learning environments in which working adults can share the practical knowledge that comes from their life and work experience. Improve the quality of shared projects and assignments. Serve as vehicles for the kind of shared reflection through which adult students make sense of and apply new knowledge. Provide a sense of community and support that is invaluable in helping working adults cope with the challenge of balancing school with other life demands STUDENT SERVICES 1.What is the phone number for University of Phoenix technical support? (Hint: Use the â€Å"Help† button in the top right corner of the page.) 877-832-4867 2.Where can you find information about who to contact for questions regarding student disabilities? Under the Program tab Under Services University ADA Policy or Student Disability Handbook 3.What three National Testing Programs does the University of Phoenix award credit for? College Level Examination Program (CLEP) Defense Activities for Non-Traditional Education Support (DANTES) Excelsior College Examinations 4.Name one form of misconduct in the Student Code of Conduct. (Hint: Click on Publications Student Catalog) Actions, oral statements, and written statements which threaten or violate the personal safety of any member of the faculty, staff, or other students.

Marketing Communication Comparison of Shoe Companies

Marketing Communication Comparison of Shoe Companies Introduction: This report is presented with the aim of facilitating a comparative analysis of the marketing communication strategies and mix adopted by the athletic shoe brands Adidas and New Balance. This research entails a high magnitude of relevance as the two brands i.e Adidas and New Balance are operating simultaneously in the international market which is defined as being competitive. For illustrative purposes: Competitors of the Shoe Brands: Adidas New Balance Nike Puma New Balance Reebok Asics Woodlands Red Tape NIKE, Inc. Adidas-Salomon AG Ariat International AZ3 DC Shoes Fechheimer Brothers Company OshKosh BGosh Saucony Woolrich Combating completion as such is required for substance and growth.. Organizations such as Adidas, New Balance and many more are in continuity into market research to cater to consumers whose tastes and fashions are changing in rapidity necessitating variation in products by modifications, modes of advertising, sales and promotional approaches and appealing pricing strategy to attract consumers who are not only quality conscious but price conscious. To render an in-depth analysis, I propose the following: Primary Research: Consumer Poll Secondary Research: Books, Journals, Websites Analysis of Compiled data Primary and Secondary Research data employing the following business tools: S.W.O.T Analysis Marketing Mix Market and Literature Review: Origin: New Balance Shoes: New Balance Athletic Shoe was created by an orthopaedic shoe manufacturer in 1906. The individual who is credited for the birth of this reputed shoe brand is William Riley and the organization came to be known as the New Balance Arch Company. In the 1900s, New Balance Arch manufactured custom-made arch supports to rectify orthopaedic foot problems and help in relief of pain. In the year 1930, the very first handmade running spike was created by New Balance Arch. Paul Kidd acquired new Balance Arch in 1956. The Organization manufactured first running shoe employing a rippled rubber sole, which was produced with a multitude of widths in 1961. James S Davis, in 1972 bought New Balance and then it was christened as New Balance Athletic Shoe. New Balance Athletic Shoe bought the rights from Iron Age of the Dunham brand names. In 2000 the organization created the RC1001, which happened to be the primary shoe to present the N-ergy SC. System comprised of a technological superiority in the New Balance bringing about high-performance suspension system. New Balance Athletic Shoe also gained successfully the rights to the PF Flyers brand in the year 2000. New Balance Athletic Shoe commenced its first width centralized concept unit at Harrods with a merger with Sweatshop in 2001. The organization signed on the dotted line a license agreement along with the Franco Apparel Group for sale of kids apparel in 2003. It also opened its stores in Santa Barbara and Ontario in the same year. In 2003 New Balance Athletic Shoe stepped with intent to diversify into the market of China. In 2004, New Balance Athletic Shoe entered into agreement alongside New Era Cap to add in their product line performance headwear in its product line categories, a business agreement with Eyewear Designs to initiate sales of highly innovative performance sun wear and eyewear, and a mutually beneficial agreement with Moretz Sports to produce high quality performance socks. New Balance Athletic Shoe successfully acquired Warrior Lacrosse in Warren, Michigan in 2004 and also commenced its concept outlet in US and Canada at the same year. A totally-new comfort performance Shoe brand, Aravon, was by this organisation introduced at retail outlets in 2004. In 2005, Innovative Hockey was bought by the organization to function as a new section named Warrior Hockey. In August 2006, New Balance Athletic Shoe bought Brine, a reputed industry world leader in soccer, lacrosse, field hockey and volleyball, based in Milford, Massachusetts. Adidas: Adolf Dassler, a German National residing in a relatively unknown German Village created Adidas, the phenomenon in athletic shoe brand who named the shoe by utilising his nickname Adi and adding it on to the first syllable of his last name. In the very beginning Adidas hired reputed athletics to promote their product line. Jesse Owens, in the Olympic Games of 1936 wore Adidas shoes while performing at the games and later on as the brand gained popularity many sports personalities commenced sponsoring the brand. Towards the end of Seventies, Adidas gained phenomenal popularity and was dominating the global market in sportswear. Kaka, Zinedine Zidane, David Beckham and many celebrity soccer players such as e are being sponsored by Adidas. For nearly eight decades Adidas has been very much an integral part of the sports world providing state-of-the-art sports footwear, accessories and apparel. Currently, the organization takes pride in holding a global position in the sports goods sector. Adidas products especially shoes are available in almost every nation of the world proving the fact that the organization has carved a distinctive niche for itself. Adidas has emerged into a large multinational corporation. It possesses a distinctive logo and the catchy advertising slogan Impossible is Nothing further cement the brand image and popularity. The business organization with intent to have sustenance of the image it has created in the minds of the global consumers allocates huge sums in advertising and promotion of the brand. The brand employs sports stars to project its corporate philosophy of passion, grit, determination and perseverance through its Impossible is Nothing Campaign especially at the current recessional phase which is predominant in the current economic world scenario. (Borderick 2005) Methodology: Primary Research: Initially primary research method was employed. Consumers were interviewed about the two brands i.e. Adidas and New Balance Shoes. Data was compiled and a theoretical approach was devised to compare the brands. The questionnaire utilized had 10 vital questions which helped in gaining required responses for the analysis Secondary Research: While the function was carried out for the secondary research, books and websites and learning modules were referred to. On the basis on the primary and secondary research data compilation, analysis was carried out and inferences drawn. Analysis and Discussion: http://www.wikinvest.com/images/thumb/e/e7/Footwear_market_shares.PNG/400px-Footwear_market_shares.PNGPie Chart The above figure statically indicates the fact that New Balance has a large share in comparison to Adidas. Nike stands at 6% while Adidas at 16% which is almost half of Nike. Marketing Mix: http://www.soopertutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/4ps.gif New Balance Adidas Product New Balance Athletic Shoe has created the RC1001, which stands out to be the first shoe to feature the N-ergy SC System, a technological strategy innovation in the high-performance suspension shoes The shoes are known to offer comfort and style and are light in weight. They have great value for money. The grip which the sole provides is on account of good design and is useful especially in hiking. They go with ease on the legs and prevent any kind of twist or sprain. Price Commences from a pricing range of USD 59 The basic pricing range is USD 65 onwards Place New Balance Athletic Shoe are marketed in more than 120 countries on six continents. New Balance is in possession of wholly-owned subsidiaries in the Sweden, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, UK, France, Germany, New Zealand, Mexico, Canada, South Africa, and Brazil. Adidas is sold in all the developed and developing economies of the world. Adidas follow one level channel or an indirect channel to make their product reach out to the final consumer. The products are manufactured by the producer and it then reaches the retailer who in turn sells it to the final consumer. Promotion The company fails to have endorsements in huge sporting events, retarding its ability to gain international brand-recognition. Adidas now just does not advertise innovatively but makes the much required impact with executions which are brilliant. Television and other forms of advertising are in regularity employed and the organization successfully conveys their characteristics of innovation and technology coupled with huge success stories with personalities such as Emil Zatopek and Mohammad Ali to name a few. S.W.O.T Analysis: (Kotler 2001) A S.W.O.T Analysis in context of a business organization assists us in comprehending the strengths of the organization, the weaknesses it possesses, the opportunities the organization could explore and the threats which could harm its growth and existence. New Balance Shoes: Strengths Innovations New Balance Athletic Shoe focuses on continuous research and development work. New Balance Athletic Shoe has brought into various new products over the years. The business house was the first to produce handmade running spikes. It also created the first running shoe having a rippled rubber sole that was produced in multiple widths. The firms continuous innovations have helped it to remain competitive and improve market share. Global reach The firm possesses a number of licensees, joint ventures and distributors all over the world. International operations help the brand to use advantage of a range of market opportunities while refraining from overexposure to any specific market. Unique approach to athletic products The Companys aim is to provide the elite and daily athlete with footwear, apparel and accessories that assure superior performance, fit, quality and comfort. Understanding that the size of feet varies among people, New Balance sells shoes in up to six different widths from a narrow 2A to an expansive 6E.The company has created 18 different foot models (lasts) to design its footwear around. Each last takes into account the users i.e. men, women and kids and the use. All in all, they create a complete fit and size profile to design a superior shoe called 360 Fit. This new approach provides the organization a competitive better advantage. Weaknesses Lacking celebrity endorsements New Balance Athletic Shoe has focused on an Endorsed by no one belief or philosophy. The company fails to undertake celebrity endorsements like its competitors Nike, Adidas and Reebok. Its brand building process are hence at a position which is disadvantaged resulting in brand unawareness up to some extent by this. Opportunities Growth in the fitness equipment market The fitness equipment market in the US and UK is expected to grow at steady rate in the near future. Fitness equipment manufacturers have now started to offer high quality equipment at lower prices. This has helped increase the penetration of these products in the home fitness market, as opposed to the earlier trend, when such products were only found in fitness and training clubs. Treadmills, elliptical machines and other types of equipment that are used for cardiovascular workout are now available to consumers at reasonable rates. This is increasing the demand for such products and New Balance is well positioned in this market through its home exercise equipment product range. Threats Rising raw material costs The principal materials used in manufacturing footwear products are natural and synthetic rubber, plastic compounds, foam cushioning materials, nylon, leather, canvas, and polyurethane films used to make Air-Sole cushioning components. As a result of rising oil prices, the prices of synthetic rubber and plastic based products has increased. Rising oil prices will further increase the prices for petroleum based products. Increasing raw material costs would increase the companys production costs and may affect its profitability. Intense competition The business is subjected to high competition with many large companies such as Nike, Adidas and Reebok. The market launch of technologically better and improved products by competitors such as Adidas and Reebok, could lead to decline in the firms market share. Further, these competitors have greater resources and strong brand names. The competition from these big brands is very high and propels the company to invest large amounts in marketing and brand maintenance strategies. Adidas: Strength: The prime strength of the organization is its 8 decades of existence in the global market. The employment of high end technology in the production process improves quality, precision and durability which are the most desired aspects by athletes. The organization has the largest international portfolio of celebrity sports ambassadors. The business as a part of promotion sponsors football teams and has a high consumer brand loyalty mainly in U.S.A and India. Statistics and surveys indicate that Adidas has the maximum level of popularity and brand image in India. Adidas possesses the largest international portfolio of sports ambassadors. The organization in continuity sponsors football teams and has a high fan following particularly in U.S.A and India. Statistics and surveys reveal that Adidas has the maximum level of popularity and brand image in India. Weakness: The pricing strategy of Adidas for all its products including athletic footwear lacks flexibility and is highly rigid and this proves to be a weakness in a general price conscious economy. Adidas is hovered over with a close competitor in the form of Nike, Puma and many more in the global market. The Indian subcontinent, which in now identified as a potentially growing market with high potential of revenue, the brand has not been showing good revenue results. In a global price conscious economy, the high level of rigidity in pricing poses a weakness. Adidas is plagued with a close competitor in the form of Nike in the global market. The Indian subcontinent, which in now recognized as an emerging market with high potential of revenue, the brand has not performed well. Opportunities: Adidas should avail the opportunity to explore new world markets in the global arena. Health consciousness among the people in general is creating a good need for athletic shoes which should be skillfully tapped by Adidas. Creative advertising employed in continuity could open up opportunities of market growth and sustenance. The brand has tremendous opportunity to explore new avenues and markets in the global market. Health consciousness among the world populace in general is creating a good demand for athletic shoes Effective advertising employed in continuity could present the opportunity of market growth and sustenance. Threats: Statistics show that Reebok, a competitor of Adidas has a good market share and employs a higher sum for market communication strategies. This presents a threat which is growing for Adidas. New entrant brands such as GAP, CAT prove to be a threat as they are eating in on the market share of Adidas which it has created over a period of time Statistic reveals that Nike, a competitor of Adidas has a large market share and allocates a much larger sum for market communication strategies. This proves to be a threat which is growing for Adidas. Relatively new brands such as GAP, CAT prove to be a threat as they are cutting in on the market share of Adidas. Conclusion: Statistics state that Adidas rules over New Balance shoes in the Global Market. Without an element of doubt both the brands fulfill the quality criteria. Their marketing approach differs creating a certain amount of limitations especially in the case of New Balance Shoes. Adidas is undoubtedly performing better and will continue to do so Recommendations: It is recommended that New Balance Shoes commence celebrity endorsement for their product and even sponsor sports events like Adidas does. The excessive competition creates this need. With a change in the promotional activities the company might not improve market share. Adidas has to focus on moving ahead of Nike which is the only close serious competitor dominating the market.

Evaluation of the Financial Performance of a Chemical Company Essay

Evaluation of the Financial Performance of a Chemical Company The Lee Chew Cheng Wong Chemical Company produces high quality speciality chemicals, and it exports around 85% of its output to many countries and regions. Since the establishment in the mid 1980 this company has emphasized the shareholder value. To keep this focus, a new Chief Executive Lee Shan Loke Teo has proposed a lot of new policies. This assignment evaluates the financial rations with Sun See Chemical Company and average industry, and presents the financial effect of the proposal that Lee Shan Loke Teo adopts. That final section shows the recommendation of costing system and capital expenditure budget. Evaluate the financial performance As the profit and loss account shows, the Lee Chew Wong Chemical CompanyÂ’s net sales decreased from $5.6m to $4.2m, and the gross profit reduced from $1.8m to $1.5m, while in 20x9 the retained profit of the company reached the peak of $0.4m during this period. Although the sale volumes decreased, the profits went up. From the financial statement it can be found that the difference is due to the large operation expenses which eliminate the profit between 20x8 and 20x9, and the less retained profit also results the decrease of Earning per share. Therefore, the EPS and Retained Profit in 20x9 were higher than 20x8 and 20x7. As regards the balance sheet, in 20x9 the total asset of the company increased significantly compared to 20x8 and 20x7, because the fixed assets increased apparently but it also resulted the shortage of cash in 20x9. In the liability section, as follows as the increasing retained profit, in 20x9 shareholders equity (reserves) also climbed a lot. As far as we considered the financial ratios (Table1), from 20x7 to 20x9 the profitability ratios improved dramatically due to the less cost of sales and operating expense. The liquidity ratios become worse, because the growing fixed assets resulted in the lack of liquid asset. The following part is going to compare financial performance with its major rival, Sun See Chemical Industry. Table 1 ======= The Lee Chew Wong Chemical Performance Ratios 20x9 20x8 20x7 20x9 Industry averages Gross profit to sales (%) 35.71 33.33 32.14 44 Operating profit to sales (%) 21.43 13.33 14.46 30 Return on capital ... ...1998), Costing, an Introduction, 4th Edition Dyson, J.R. (1997), Accounting for Non-accounting Students, Pitman Publishing. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2002) Financial Accounting, Reporting and Analysis, International Edition, Istvan D.F. (1970). Capital-Expenditure Decisions: how they are made in large corporations. Indiana University. Jones R.L., Trentin H.G. (1971). Budgeting: Key to planning and control. American Management Association, Inc. Lewis, R. and Pendrill, D. (1996), Advanced Financial Accounting, 6th edition Louderback, J.G., Maurice, L. and Hirsch, J.R. (1982), Cost Accounting, Accumulation, Analysis, and Use, Wadsworth International Student Edition Pike, R. and Neale, B. (year), Corporate Finance and Investment-Decision and Strategies, 4th edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Pike R.H., Wolfe M.B. (1988). Capital Budgeting for the 1990’s. A Review of investment trends in larger companies. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. Wood’s, F. (1993), Business Accounting, Pitman Publishing. http://teachmefinance.com/costofcapital.html http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/icenter/learn/abconcept.pdf http://www.expectationsinvesting.com/tutorial8.shtml